European Commission
Proposes EU law, including the AI Act, payment services and financial data access rules, and oversees their application.
commission.europa.eu (official website)Source: European Commission: home page, checked on
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Proposes EU law, including the AI Act, payment services and financial data access rules, and oversees their application.
commission.europa.eu (official website)Source: European Commission: home page, checked on
EU banking authority that writes standards and guidelines under PSD2, including strong customer authentication and secure communication.
eba.europa.eu (official website)Source: EBA: Payment services and electronic money, checked on
Central bank of the euro area; supervises significant banks through ECB Banking Supervision and operates TARGET services.
bankingsupervision.europa.eu (official website)Source: ECB Banking Supervision: Who we are, checked on
UK conduct regulator; authorises payment firms and applies existing rules, including the Consumer Duty, to firms' use of AI.
fca.org.uk (official website)Source: FCA: AI and the FCA: our approach, checked on
UK central bank; through the Prudential Regulation Authority it supervises banks, including their model risk management.
bankofengland.co.uk (official website)Source: Bank of England: Prudential regulation, checked on
UK regulator of payment systems; sets the reimbursement requirement for authorised push payment scams.
psr.org.uk (official website)Source: PSR: APP scams, checked on
US central bank and bank supervisor; with the OCC and FDIC it issued SR 26-2, revised guidance on model risk management.
federalreserve.gov (official website)Source: Federal Reserve: SR 26-2, Revised Guidance on Model Risk Management, checked on
US charterer and supervisor of national banks and federal savings associations.
occ.gov (official website)Source: OCC: About, checked on
Independent US agency that insures deposits and supervises and examines financial institutions.
fdic.gov (official website)Source: FDIC: About, checked on
US consumer finance regulator; administers Regulation E and issued the personal financial data rights rule under Section 1033.
consumerfinance.gov (official website)Source: CFPB: The CFPB, checked on
Singapore's central bank and financial regulator; published the FEAT principles for AI and data analytics in finance.
mas.gov.sg (official website)Source: MAS: FEAT principles, checked on
Hong Kong's central banking institution; runs the Open API framework for the banking sector.
hkma.gov.hk (official website)Source: HKMA: Open API for the banking sector, checked on
Malaysia's central bank and regulator of banks, insurers and payment system operators.
bnm.gov.my (official website)Source: Bank Negara Malaysia: home page, checked on
UAE central bank; its Open Finance Regulation sets licensing and consent rules for data sharing and service initiation.
centralbank.ae (official website)Source: CBUAE Rulebook: Open Finance Regulation, checked on
Saudi Arabia's central bank and regulator of banks, insurers and payment service providers.
sama.gov.sa (official website)Source: Saudi Central Bank: home page, checked on
Financial services regulator of Abu Dhabi Global Market.
adgm.com (official website)Source: ADGM: Financial Services Regulatory Authority, checked on
Independent regulator of financial services conducted in or from the Dubai International Financial Centre.
dfsa.ae (official website)Source: DFSA: home page (Wayback snapshot; the live site blocks scripted clients), checked on , archived copy
EU body that ensures consistent application of the GDPR, including rules on consent and automated decisions.
edpb.europa.eu (official website)Source: EDPB: The European Data Protection Board, checked on
UK data protection regulator, responsible for how personal data is used, including by AI systems.
ico.org.uk (official website)Source: ICO: About the ICO, checked on
Supports central banks' pursuit of monetary and financial stability; hosts the CPMI and the BIS Innovation Hub.
bis.org (official website)Source: BIS Innovation Hub: overview, checked on
Global standard setter for payment, clearing and settlement; co-author of the Principles for Financial Market Infrastructures.
Part of BIS
bis.org (official website)Source: BIS: Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures, checked on
Coordinates financial regulators internationally; has reported on the financial stability implications of AI.
fsb.org (official website)Source: FSB: About the FSB, checked on
Global body of securities regulators; consulted on the use of AI in capital markets and its risks.
iosco.org (official website)Source: IOSCO: AI in capital markets, consultation report (Wayback snapshot of the PDF), checked on , archived copy
Intergovernmental organisation; several jurisdictions use its definition of an AI system in their laws and guidance.
oecd.ai (official website)Source: OECD.AI: AI Principles overview, checked on
Develops internet standards, including OAuth 2.0, rich authorization requests, token exchange, DPoP and HTTP message signatures.
ietf.org (official website)Source: IETF: Introduction, checked on
Develops web standards, including Verifiable Credentials, Decentralized Identifiers and Secure Payment Confirmation.
w3.org (official website)Source: W3C: About us, checked on
US standards agency; publishes the AI Risk Management Framework and the SP 800-63 Digital Identity Guidelines.
nist.gov (official website)Source: NIST: AI Risk Management Framework, checked on
International standards body; publishes ISO/IEC 42001, a management system standard for AI.
iso.org (official website)Source: ISO/IEC 42001:2023 catalogue page (Wayback snapshot; the live page blocks scripted clients), checked on , archived copy
Develops EMV specifications for card payments, including EMV 3-D Secure for card-not-present authentication.
emvco.com (official website)Source: EMVCo: Overview of EMVCo (names its six member organisations), checked on
Publishes the NextGenPSD2 API framework used for account access and payment initiation under PSD2.
berlin-group.org (official website)Source: Berlin Group: NextGenPSD2 downloads, checked on
Standard setter for US consumer-permissioned data sharing; the CFPB approved its application to issue open banking standards.
financialdataexchange.org (official website)Source: CFPB: CFPB Approves Application from Financial Data Exchange to Issue Standards for Open Banking, checked on
Develops OpenID Connect, FAPI, CIBA and the OpenID for Verifiable Credentials specifications, and runs certification.
openid.net (official website)Source: OpenID Foundation: Foundation, checked on
Develops standards for passwordless authentication, including passkeys.
fidoalliance.org (official website)Source: FIDO Alliance: Overview, checked on
Operates the Global LEI System and the verifiable LEI (vLEI) for organisational identity.
gleif.org (official website)Source: GLEIF: This is GLEIF, checked on
European Commission programme for digital identity wallets and electronic attestations under the European Digital Identity Regulation.
Part of European Commission
digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu (official website)Source: European Commission: European Digital Identity (EUDI) Regulation, checked on
UK government framework of rules for organisations that provide digital identity and attribute checks.
gov.uk (official website)Source: GOV.UK: UK digital verification services trust framework, checked on
Card network; one of the six member organisations of EMVCo.
americanexpress.com (official website)Source: EMVCo: Overview of EMVCo (names its six member organisations), checked on
Card network; one of the six member organisations of EMVCo.
discover.com (official website)Source: EMVCo: Overview of EMVCo (names its six member organisations), checked on
Card network; one of the six member organisations of EMVCo.
global.jcb (official website)Source: EMVCo: Overview of EMVCo (names its six member organisations), checked on
Card network; one of the six member organisations of EMVCo.
unionpayintl.com (official website)Source: EMVCo: Overview of EMVCo (names its six member organisations), checked on
Eurosystem real-time gross settlement system for euro payments; its closing days set euro-area settlement dates.
Part of ECB
ecb.europa.eu (official website)Source: ECB: What is T2?, checked on
Eurosystem service that settles instant payments in central bank money, around the clock.
Part of ECB
ecb.europa.eu (official website)Source: ECB: What is TIPS?, checked on
Instant payment service offered through Federal Reserve Financial Services.
Part of Federal Reserve
frbservices.org (official website)Source: Federal Reserve Financial Services: FedNow Service, checked on
Governs the rules of the US ACH network used for direct deposits and debits.
nacha.org (official website)Source: Nacha: home page, checked on
Hong Kong's instant payment system, launched by the HKMA; banks and e-wallet operators can participate.
Part of HKMA
hkma.gov.hk (official website)Source: HKMA: Faster Payment System (FPS), checked on
Maintains the UK Open Banking Standard, including the read/write API and variable recurring payments specifications.
openbanking.org.uk (official website)Source: Open Banking Standards: API specifications, checked on
Lets firms test products with real consumers under FCA oversight.
Part of FCA
fca.org.uk (official website)Source: FCA: Regulatory Sandbox, checked on
Lets firms experiment with financial services in a defined space and time under MAS oversight.
Part of MAS
mas.gov.sg (official website)Source: MAS: Overview of Regulatory Sandbox, checked on
Lets banks and their partners run pilot trials of fintech initiatives with a limited number of customers.
Part of HKMA
hkma.gov.hk (official website)Source: HKMA: Fintech Supervisory Sandbox (FSS), checked on
Bank Negara Malaysia's framework for testing innovative financial solutions in a live environment.
Part of BNM
bnm.gov.my (official website)Source: Bank Negara Malaysia: Regulatory Sandbox, checked on
Saudi Central Bank framework that takes firms from application through operational readiness and testing to exit.
Part of SAMA
rulebook.sama.gov.sa (official website)Source: SAMA Rulebook: Regulatory Sandbox Framework, checked on
MAS project exploring purpose-bound money: payments whose conditions of use are set in the money itself.
Part of MAS
mas.gov.sg (official website)Source: MAS: Project Orchid, checked on
The BIS's hub for technology projects run with central banks.
Part of BIS
bis.org (official website)Source: BIS Innovation Hub: overview, checked on
Eurosystem work on a possible digital form of central bank money for the euro area.
Part of ECB
ecb.europa.eu (official website)Source: ECB: Digital euro, checked on
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